以下哪些護理介入適合顱內壓增高的病人?(選所有適合的)
Which of the following interventions are appropriate for a client with increased intracranial pressure? (Select all that apply.)
- AElevate the head of the bed to 30 degrees✓ 正解將床頭抬高30度
- BMaintain neck in neutral alignment✓ 正解維持頸部中立位置
- CAdminister stool softeners✓ 正解給予糞便軟化劑
- DIncrease stimulation to assess alertness增加刺激以評估警覺性
- ECluster nursing care activities集中護理活動
這道題目旨在評估護理師對顱內壓增高(Increased Intracranial Pressure, ICP)病患的護理介入措施。顱內壓增高是一種危急狀況,可能導致腦組織缺血、受損甚至腦疝。護理目標是降低顱內壓,維持腦灌流壓(Cerebral Perfusion Pressure, CPP),並預防併發症。正確的護理介入包括維持頭部和頸部的適當體位以促進腦靜脈回流,預防增加腹內壓和胸內壓的活動,以及避免過度刺激。這些措施有助於減少顱內血容量,從而降低顱內壓,保護腦功能。
Elevating the head of the bed to 30 degrees and maintaining neutral neck alignment promote venous drainage from the brain, thereby reducing intracranial pressure. Administering stool softeners prevents straining during defecation, which can also increase intracranial pressure. These measures help maintain cerebral perfusion and prevent complications associated with elevated ICP.
在台灣和美國,顱內壓增高(ICP)的護理原則和介入措施是高度一致的。維持床頭抬高、頸部中立、預防Valsalva動作以及避免過度刺激都是國際公認的標準照護。對於「集中護理活動(Cluster nursing care activities)」的處理,兩地的臨床考量也相似,即要避免在短時間內進行過多操作,以免持續升高ICP。因此,此題的護理知識在台美兩地皆適用,強調的是對生理機轉的理解和護理措施的選擇。