— 生理適應 · HARD · SATA —
敗血性休克病人出現哪些發現提示已進入難治（不可逆）期？（選所有適合的）
A client is in septic shock. Which findings suggest the client is in the refractory (irreversible) stage? (Select all that apply.)
- AProfound hypotension unresponsive to vasopressors✓ 正解對血管收縮劑無反應的嚴重低血壓
- BDisseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)✓ 正解瀰漫性血管內凝血（DIC）
- CAnuria (no urine output)✓ 正解無尿（無尿液排出）
- DRespiratory alkalosis呼吸性鹼中毒
- ESevere metabolic acidosis✓ 正解嚴重代謝性酸中毒
— Explanation · 中文詳解 —
敗血性休克（Septic Shock）是由感染引起的一種危及生命的器官功能障礙，其特徵是持續性低血壓且需要升壓藥維持，同時伴有組織灌流不足的證據。敗血性休克通常分為幾個階段：初始期、代償期、進行期和難治期（不可逆期）。難治期是指儘管給予最大治療，病人仍持續惡化，多個器官功能衰竭，最終導致死亡的階段。護理師應能識別這些末期徵象，以利評估預後並調整照護目標。
The refractory stage of septic shock is characterized by irreversible organ damage and hemodynamic collapse despite maximal treatment. Key indicators include profound hypotension unresponsive to vasopressors, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), anuria reflecting renal failure, and severe metabolic acidosis from lactic acid accumulation.