護理師教導病人自行注射胰島素。下列哪些指導對安全最關鍵？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is teaching a client about self-administration of insulin. Which instructions are critical for safety? (Select all that apply.)
- ARotate injection sites to prevent lipodystrophy✓ 正解輪替注射部位以預防脂肪營養不良
- BAlways use a new needle for each injection✓ 正解每次注射都使用新針頭
- CStore unopened insulin in the freezer將未開啟的胰島素存放在冷凍庫
- DCheck blood glucose before administration✓ 正解給藥前檢查血糖
- EClean the site with alcohol and let it air dry✓ 正解用酒精清潔部位並讓其自然風乾
胰島素自我注射的衛教核心在於預防併發症、確保劑量精確及藥物活性。輪替注射部位可避免脂肪增生（Lipohypertrophy），確保吸收穩定；使用新針頭則能維持針尖銳利度，減少組織損傷與感染風險。此外，血糖監測是調整胰島素劑量的依據，而正確的消毒流程（酒精揮發後再注射）能預防局部刺激或感染。臨床上，安全用藥需建立在正確的存放與操作規範上，確保藥效穩定。
The core of teaching self-administration of insulin lies in preventing complications, ensuring accurate dosing, and preserving drug activity. Rotating injection sites prevents lipohypertrophy and ensures consistent absorption; using a new needle for each injection maintains needle sharpness, reducing tissue damage and infection risk. In addition, blood glucose monitoring guides insulin dose adjustment, and correct disinfection technique (allowing alcohol to air dry before injection) prevents local irritation or infection. Clinically, medication safety relies on correct storage and procedural standards to ensure stable drug efficacy.
美國臨床實務對於胰島素針頭的重複使用持極度保守態度，強調拋棄式原則（Single-use）。台灣部分居家護理個案因成本考量偶有重複使用針頭之習慣，但在NCLEX考試中，務必堅守「一次性使用」之安全原則。