護理師向一位被處方使用鴉片類止痛藥的病人提供出院指導。下列哪項指導對減少便秘風險至關重要？
A nurse is providing discharge instructions to a client who is prescribed an opioid analgesic for pain management. Which instruction is crucial for reducing the risk of constipation?
- ATake the medication on an empty stomach空腹服用藥物
- BIncrease fluid intake✓ 正解增加液體攝取量
- CAvoid dairy products避免乳製品
- DLimit physical activity限制身體活動
鴉片類止痛藥（opioid analgesic）會降低腸道平滑肌的蠕動速度，並增加水分在腸道的吸收，導致糞便乾硬，從而引發便秘。這是此類藥物極為常見的副作用。為了預防，護理師需指導病人增加水分攝取以軟化糞便，並建議攝取高纖維飲食及適度活動。其他選項如空腹服藥、避免乳製品或限制活動，皆不具備預防便秘的臨床效益，甚至可能導致其他不適。
Opioid analgesics slow the peristalsis of intestinal smooth muscle and increase fluid absorption from the gut, producing dry, hard stools and constipation. This is a very common adverse effect of these drugs. To prevent it, the nurse should instruct the client to increase fluid intake to soften the stool and to consume a high-fiber diet with appropriate physical activity. The other options (taking the drug on an empty stomach, avoiding dairy products, or limiting activity) offer no clinical benefit for constipation prevention and may even cause other discomforts.
在美國臨床，對於長期使用鴉片類藥物的病人，護理師常會主動向醫師確認是否同時開立預防性軟便劑或緩瀉劑（如 Senna 或 Docusate），這在台灣臨床亦有類似做法，但美國更強調病人衛教中的「預防勝於治療」概念。