護理師評估一位 48 小時前入院、有酒精使用障礙病史的病人。病人目前表現躁動、大汗淋漓,並聲稱看到「牆壁上有蟲在爬」。下列哪項處理措施最為適當?
A nurse is assessing a client with a history of alcohol use disorder who was admitted 48 hours ago. The client is now agitated, diaphoretic, and reports seeing 'bugs crawling on the walls.' Which action is most appropriate?
- AReorient the client to the room and tell them there are no bugs將病人重新導向至房間現實,並告訴他牆上沒有蟲
- BRequest a consult for a psychiatric evaluation for schizophrenia請求精神科會診以評估思覺失調症
- CCheck the client's blood glucose level immediately立即測量病人的血糖
- DPrepare to administer diazepam as per the facility's withdrawal protocol準備依照機構的戒斷流程給予 Diazepam正確答案
- D準備依照機構的戒斷流程給予 Diazepam
該病人正處於酒精戒斷最嚴重的階段:酒精戒斷譫妄(Delirium Tremens, DTs),典型症狀包括入院後 48-72 小時出現的意識障礙、視幻覺(牆上有蟲)、自主神經亢進(大汗、躁動)。這是精神科急症,死亡率可達 5%。首要處置是依據戒斷標準流程(如 CIWA-Ar)給予苯二氮平類藥物(Benzodiazepines, 如 diazepam 或 lorazepam),以替代酒精對 GABA 受體的作用,預防抽搐與循環衰竭。告知病人沒有蟲(Option A)對幻覺中的譫妄病人效果有限,且可能導致其更加焦慮。低血糖(Option C)雖然也會造成神智不清,但病史與臨床表徵更強烈指向酒精戒斷。這不是思覺失調症(Option B),而是物質引起的精神病態。
- A將病人重新導向至房間現實,並告訴他牆上沒有蟲
直接否定病人的視幻覺(如牆上有蟲)在譫妄狀態下是無效的,甚至會引發衝突。護理師應採取不爭論但也不支持幻覺的態度,並優先藥物介入。
- B請求精神科會診以評估思覺失調症
病人的幻覺是由於物質戒斷引起的急性生理反應,而非思覺失調症。誤診為思覺失調症並給予抗精神病藥可能降低癲癇閾值,非常危險。
- C立即測量病人的血糖
雖然酒精中毒者常伴隨營養不良與低血糖,但 48 小時出現的視幻覺是大腦過度興奮的特徵,補充糖分無法解決其神經系統的過度反彈。
- D · 正確答案準備依照機構的戒斷流程給予 Diazepam
苯二氮平類藥物(如 Diazepam)能有效預防酒精戒斷導致的癲癇發作及生理機能衰竭,是目前處理 DTs 的黃金標準處置。
美國 NCLEX 非常強調 CIWA-Ar 評分表的使用,護理師根據評分高低有權限調整藥物劑量;台灣則多由醫師開立 PRN 醫囑,護理師觀察後通知醫師給藥,且臨床上常併用大量的點滴補充維生素 B1(Thiamine)。
English explanation
The client is in the most severe stage of alcohol withdrawal: delirium tremens (DTs). Typical symptoms appear 48-72 hours after admission and include altered consciousness, visual hallucinations (such as bugs on the wall), and autonomic hyperactivity (diaphoresis, agitation). DTs is a psychiatric emergency with mortality up to 5%. The priority intervention is to administer a benzodiazepine (for example, diazepam or lorazepam) according to a standardized withdrawal protocol such as CIWA-Ar, to replace the action of alcohol on the GABA receptor and prevent seizures and circulatory collapse. Telling the delirious client that there are no bugs (Option A) is largely ineffective and may increase anxiety. Hypoglycemia (Option C) can also cause confusion, but the history and clinical picture point strongly toward alcohol withdrawal. This is not schizophrenia (Option B); it is a substance-induced psychiatric disturbance.
最近修訂:2026-10-06