一位45歲女性正處於腸道切除術後第一天的恢復期。醫師開立了一項新醫囑，將她的飲食從禁食（NPO）直接晉升為「全流質飲食（Full Liquid Diet）」。當護理師協助病患從醫院餐廳菜單上挑選項目時，下列哪些品項是在全流質飲食規範下嚴格被允許的？（多選題）
A 45-year-old female is recovering on her first postoperative day following a bowel resection. The provider has written a new order to advance her diet from NPO directly to a "Full Liquid Diet." As the nurse assists the client in selecting items from the hospital cafeteria menu, which items are strictly permitted under a Full Liquid Diet protocol? (Select all that apply.)
- ABlack coffee with whole milk added✓ 正解添加全脂咖啡的黑咖啡
- BA bowl of heavily chunked beef stew with diced cooked potatoes一大碗含有大量牛肉塊和丁狀煮熟馬鈴薯的燉牛肉
- CClear apple juice without pulp✓ 正解無果肉清澈蘋果汁
- DA cup of smooth, melting vanilla ice cream✓ 正解一杯平滑、入口即化的香草冰淇淋
- EFinely strained, thick cream of mushroom soup✓ 正解細濾濃厚的奶油蘑菇湯
本題測驗基礎照護中的治療性營養分級：區分清流質（Clear Liquid）與全流質（Full Liquid）。全流質飲食（Full Liquid Diet）的定義為：除了所有清流質的成分外，額外「加上任何在室溫或體溫下呈液態，且不一定要能透光的乳製品及糊狀流質」。黑咖啡加全脂牛奶（選項A正確，牛奶不透明但在室溫為液態）、無果肉的清蘋果汁（選項C正確，這本身就是清流質，全流質包容它）、平滑的香草冰淇淋（選項D正確，因為冰淇淋在體溫與室溫下會立刻融化成液體，是極佳的全流質熱量來源），以及經過精密過濾剔除所有固體顆粒的濃稠蘑菇濃湯（選項E正確，Strained cream soup是典型全流質代表）。而選項B是絕對錯誤的，帶有大塊牛肉與馬鈴薯丁的燉湯（Chunked beef stew）含有極度危險且必須經過咀嚼消化的『固態顆粒』，這屬於軟質飲食（Soft diet）或普通飲食，若給剛切除腸道的全流質病患食用，將導致腸道傷口破裂與嚴重腸阻塞。
Full liquid diet includes everything on the clear liquid diet plus opaque liquids and pureed/strained dairy items that are liquid at room or body temperature. Black coffee with milk (A) — coffee is clear; opaque milk elevates it to full liquid. Pulp-free apple juice (C) is clear and automatically included. Smooth vanilla ice cream (D) melts to liquid at body temperature — excellent caloric source. Strained cream of mushroom soup (E) — strained, no solids, classic full liquid. Beef stew with chunks (B) is solid food requiring mastication; absolutely prohibited post-bowel resection.
世界營養學的兩大基礎階段。無論台美，「能透光=清流質(Clear liquid)」，「不透光+奶製品+室溫下會化成水的冰淇淋=全流質(Full liquid)」是醫療界共同標準。