病人出現敗血症跡象。護理師應優先採取哪些介入措施以降低病情惡化風險？（選所有適合的）
A client presents with signs of sepsis. Which nursing interventions should be prioritized to reduce the risk of further decline? (Select all that apply.)
- AObtain blood cultures before starting antibiotics✓ 正解開始抗生素治療前取得血液培養
- BAdminister broad-spectrum antibiotics within 1 hour✓ 正解於1小時內給予廣效型抗生素
- CStart a rapid fluid bolus of 30 mL/kg✓ 正解開始快速靜脈輸液30 mL/kg
- DKeep the client NPO until surgical clearance在獲得外科醫師許可前禁食
- EInitiate vasopressors if blood pressure remains low after fluid resuscitation✓ 正解若液體復甦後血壓仍低，則開始使用升壓劑
敗血症照護關鍵在於「黃金小時」，包括在給藥前採血培養（避免影響檢測結果）、儘速給予廣效抗生素、大量輸液復甦（30 mL/kg）以改善灌流，若輸液後血壓仍低，則需升壓劑介入。NPO 與敗血症穩定無直接相關，非優先事項。
Sepsis care centers on the 'golden hour' and includes obtaining blood cultures before initiating antibiotics (to preserve diagnostic accuracy), promptly administering broad-spectrum antibiotics, providing large-volume fluid resuscitation (30 mL/kg) to improve perfusion, and initiating vasopressors if blood pressure remains low after fluid resuscitation. NPO status is not directly related to stabilization in sepsis and is not a priority.
美台皆遵循 Surviving Sepsis Campaign 指引，但在台灣，護理師需確認醫師開立抗生素醫囑的速度較受關注。