護理師教導病人管理胃食道逆流（GERD）。應建議哪些生活型態調整？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is teaching a client about managing GERD symptoms. Which lifestyle modifications should be recommended? (Select all that apply.)
- AEat small, frequent meals✓ 正解少量多餐
- BAvoid lying down for 2-3 hours after eating✓ 正解進食後2-3小時內避免躺臥
- CElevate the head of the bed✓ 正解抬高床頭
- DDrink coffee to stimulate gastric emptying喝咖啡以促進胃排空
- ELimit intake of chocolate and peppermint✓ 正解限制巧克力和薄荷的攝取量
胃食道逆流（GERD）的管理目標是降低胃內壓並加強食道下括約肌（LES）的張力。少量多餐可避免胃部過度膨脹；飯後立即平臥會因重力作用導致胃酸逆流；床頭抬高（Head of bed elevation）利用重力將胃內容物留在胃部；巧克力、薄荷與咖啡因會導致 LES 放鬆，加重逆流情形。護理重點在於協助病人建立生活型態調整，以減少藥物依賴並預防黏膜損傷。
Management of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) aims to reduce intragastric pressure and strengthen lower esophageal sphincter (LES) tone. Small, frequent meals avoid excessive gastric distension; lying flat immediately after meals allows gravity to promote reflux of gastric acid; elevating the head of the bed uses gravity to keep gastric contents in the stomach; chocolate, peppermint, and caffeine relax the LES and worsen reflux. The nursing focus is on helping the patient adopt lifestyle modifications to reduce reliance on medication and prevent mucosal injury.