— 心理社會完整性 · HARD · SATA —
護理師評估一位經歷重大創傷的個案。下列哪些徵象顯示個案可能發展出創傷後壓力症候群（PTSD）？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is assessing a client who has experienced a severe trauma. Which signs indicate the client may be developing Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)? (Select all that apply.)
- AFlashbacks of the traumatic event✓ 正解創傷事件的閃回
- BPersistent avoidance of places related to the trauma✓ 正解持續逃避與創傷相關的場所
- CIncreased irritability and hypervigilance✓ 正解易怒和過度警覺
- DAnhedonia or loss of interest in hobbies✓ 正解快感缺乏或對嗜好失去興趣
- EDifficulty sleeping and concentration problems✓ 正解睡眠困難和注意力問題
— Explanation · 中文詳解 —
PTSD 的診斷標準包含四個核心面向：侵入性回憶（如重現畫面）、逃避行為（如避開觸發點）、認知與情緒改變（如無快感、記憶缺損）、以及過度警覺與反應（如失眠、易怒）。這五個選項均為該症候群的典型臨床表徵。
The diagnostic criteria for PTSD encompass four core domains: intrusive recollections (such as flashbacks), avoidance behaviors (such as avoiding triggers), negative alterations in cognition and mood (such as anhedonia and memory impairment), and marked alterations in arousal and reactivity (such as insomnia and irritability). All five options listed are typical clinical manifestations of this syndrome.
✦ 台美臨床差異
台灣診斷多依循 DSM-5 標準與國際接軌，但在臨床評估時，台灣護理師更側重觀察社會功能影響。