護理師正在為病人靜脈注射萬古黴素(Vancomycin)。病人突然出現臉部、頸部及上半身嚴重發紅(flushing)。護理師應首先採取哪項行動?
A nurse is administering intravenous vancomycin to a client. The client suddenly develops intense flushing of the face, neck, and upper torso. Which action should the nurse take first?
- AAdminister epinephrine subcutaneously皮下注射腎上腺素
- BStop the infusion immediately立即停止輸注
- CNotify the rapid response team通知快速反應小組
- DSlow the rate of the infusion✓ 正解減慢輸注速率
病人出現的是典型的『紅人症候群』(Red Man Syndrome),這是萬古黴素特有的輸注反應。核心概念是:這不是過敏反應(Type I Hypersensitivity),而是因為藥物滴注過快導致肥大細胞直接釋放組織胺。臨床表現為上半身皮膚發紅、搔癢,有時伴隨低血壓。首要處置是『減慢滴速』(通常建議輸注時間至少 60 分鐘或每 500mg 輸注 30 分鐘以上)。如果症狀極其嚴重或病人出現低血壓,才考慮暫停並給予抗組織胺。選項 A 和 C 是針對過敏性休克(Anaphylaxis)的處置,兩者機轉不同:紅人症候群通常不含喉頭水腫或喘鳴音。安全給藥原則要求護理師區分輸注反應與過敏反應,以避免不必要的急救程序。
The client is experiencing Red Man Syndrome, a histamine-mediated reaction caused by rapid infusion of vancomycin, not a true allergic reaction. The priority nursing action is to slow the infusion rate, which typically resolves the flushing and discomfort. Epinephrine is reserved for anaphylaxis, which presents with respiratory distress and is not indicated here.
美國護理指引對 Red Man Syndrome 有明確的分級處理,護理師具備高度判斷力來減慢滴速。台灣部分醫院在萬古黴素醫囑上會直接備註『輸注時間不可低於 60 分鐘』,若發生反應,護理師通常會先暫停、通知醫師,這與美國優先減慢速率的策略略有不同。