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護理師評估病人的低血容跡象。哪些發現與此診斷一致?(選所有適合的)

A nurse is assessing a client for signs of hypovolemia. Which findings are consistent with this diagnosis? (Select all that apply.)

  • AHypotension✓ 正解
    低血壓
  • BTachycardia✓ 正解
    心搏過速
  • CJugular venous distention
    頸靜脈怒張
  • DDecreased urine output✓ 正解
    尿量減少
  • EDry mucous membranes✓ 正解
    黏膜乾燥
Explanation · 中文詳解

低血容積(Hypovolemia)是指細胞外液流失導致循環血量不足。當血容量下降時,機體會啟動代償機制:心跳加快(Tachycardia)以維持心輸出量,血管收縮導致血壓下降(Hypotension)。同時,腎臟會透過留鈉留水機制減少尿量(Decreased urine output)以保存體液。組織灌流不足則表現為黏膜乾燥(Dry mucous membranes)。臨床思路上,護理師應運用 ABC 原則(Circulation),優先監測生命徵象並評估灌流指標。頸靜脈怒張(JVD)是體液過負荷(Hypervolemia)或心衰竭的表現,與此題診斷相反。

Hypovolemia triggers compensatory mechanisms such as tachycardia to maintain cardiac output and decreased urine output to conserve fluid, often resulting in hypotension and dry mucous membranes. Jugular venous distention is incorrect as it indicates fluid overload or heart failure, which contrasts with the volume depletion seen in hypovolemia.

✦ 台美臨床差異

臨床評估標準一致。但在美國 NCLEX 考試中,對於低血容的評估非常強調「姿位性低血壓(Orthostatic Hypotension)」的檢測,這是台灣臨床較容易忽略的早期評估步驟。

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