護理師正在評估一位中年個案的心血管疾病風險。護理師應將哪項發現識別為可改變的風險因素？
A nurse is assessing a middle-aged client's risk for cardiovascular disease. Which finding should the nurse identify as a modifiable risk factor?
- AAge年齡
- BTobacco smoking✓ 正解吸菸
- CGender assigned at birth出生時指定之性別
- DFamily history of heart disease心臟病家族史
此題的核心概念是識別心血管疾病（Cardiovascular Disease, CVD）的可改變風險因素。心血管疾病是全球主要的死因之一，而許多風險因素是可以透過生活型態的調整來控制或改善的。護理師在健康評估和衛教中，區分可改變與不可改變的風險因素至關重要。這能幫助個案了解哪些方面可以透過自身努力來降低疾病風險，從而制定有效的健康促進計畫並提供個人化的諮詢，鼓勵個案採取積極的健康行為。
The core concept of this question is identifying modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). CVD is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and many risk factors can be controlled or improved through lifestyle modification. Distinguishing between modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors is essential during health assessment and education. This helps clients understand which aspects they can influence through their own efforts to reduce disease risk, enables development of effective health promotion plans, and supports personalized counseling that encourages positive health behaviors.
心血管疾病的風險因素，包括可改變與不可改變的因素，在美國和台灣的醫學界有著普遍共識。吸菸、高血壓、高膽固醇、糖尿病、肥胖和缺乏運動等，都是兩地護理師在衛教時會強調的可改變風險因素。因此，此題的臨床實踐在台美間並無顯著差異。