— 照護管理 · HARD · SATA —
下列哪些護理措施體現了對病人的有效倡議（advocacy）？（選所有適合的）
Which of the following nursing interventions demonstrate effective advocacy for a client? (Select all that apply.)
- AClarifying a physician's order when it seems unclear.✓ 正解當醫師醫囑看似不清楚時予以釐清。
- BEnsuring the client has all the information needed to make a choice.✓ 正解確保病人擁有做出選擇所需的所有資訊。
- CAssisting the client to communicate their needs to the healthcare team.✓ 正解協助病人向醫療團隊表達他們的需求。
- DMaking decisions for the client to save them stress.為了減輕病人的壓力而替他們做決定。
- EReporting unsafe staffing levels to the nursing administration.✓ 正解向護理行政部門回報不安全的人力配置水準。
— Explanation · 中文詳解 —
護理倡議（Advocacy）是指護理師作為病人的代言人，捍衛其權益與自主性。這包括當醫囑不明確時要求澄清、確保病人擁有充分的資訊以進行知情同意（Informed consent）、以及協助病人表達需求。當臨床環境不安全（如護理人力配置嚴重不足）時，向管理層反映以保障病人的照護品質，亦是倡議的重要體現。
Effective advocacy includes clarifying unclear orders to prevent errors, ensuring clients have sufficient information for informed decision-making, and assisting them in communicating their needs to the healthcare team. Additionally, reporting unsafe staffing levels to administration addresses systemic risks to patient safety, whereas making decisions for the client undermines their autonomy.