一位有靜脈毒癮史的病人因心內膜炎入院。護理師發現病人躁動不安、瞳孔放大且流鼻涕。應懷疑哪種情況？
A client with a history of intravenous drug use is admitted with endocarditis. The nurse notices the client is restless and has dilated pupils and rhinorrhea. Which condition should the nurse suspect?
- AAlcohol withdrawal酒精戒斷
- BOpioid overdose鴉片類藥物過量
- COpioid withdrawal✓ 正解鴉片類藥物戒斷
- DCocaine intoxication古柯鹼中毒
鴉片類藥物戒斷（Opioid withdrawal）的典型徵兆包含：躁動、瞳孔放大（Mydriasis）、流鼻涕（Rhinorrhea）、流淚、打噴嚏、腹瀉及肌肉酸痛。鴉片過量（B）會導致瞳孔縮小（Pinpoint pupils）；古柯鹼中毒（D）雖也會瞳孔放大，但通常伴隨極度興奮而非流鼻涕等類感冒症狀。
The presence of restlessness, dilated pupils, and rhinorrhea strongly suggests opioid withdrawal, as these are classic signs of sympathetic overactivity during detoxification. Unlike opioid overdose, which causes pinpoint pupils and respiratory depression, withdrawal manifests with flu-like symptoms and mydriasis. These findings differentiate the condition from alcohol withdrawal or cocaine intoxication.
美國鴉片類藥物危機（Opioid crisis）嚴重，護理師對此類戒斷的辨識能力要求極高；台灣則以甲基安非他命或 K 他命濫用較多。