病人正接受全靜脈營養（TPN），哪些護理措施對安全至關重要？（選所有適合的）
A client is receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Which nursing actions are essential for safety? (Select all that apply.)
- AUse an infusion pump for administration✓ 正解使用輸注幫浦給藥
- BMonitor blood glucose levels every 6 hours✓ 正解每6小時監測血糖
- CChange the IV tubing every 72 hours每72小時更換靜脈輸液管路
- DVerify the TPN bag label against the order✓ 正解將TPN袋標籤與醫囑核對
- ECheck for precipitates in the bag before infusion✓ 正解輸注前檢查袋內是否有沉澱物
TPN 含有高濃度葡萄糖與電解質，需經由中心靜脈導管並以幫浦精確給藥。因高糖會引發高血糖，需嚴格監測血糖。TPN 營養液極易成為細菌溫床，管路更換依院方 protocol 常為 24 小時，而非 72 小時。給藥前核對處方及檢查溶液是否有沉澱物是安全基本功。
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) contains high concentrations of glucose and electrolytes and must be administered through a central venous catheter using an infusion pump for precise delivery. Because the high glucose load can cause hyperglycemia, blood glucose must be strictly monitored. TPN solution is an excellent medium for bacterial growth; per institutional protocols, tubing is often changed every 24 hours rather than every 72. Verifying the prescription and inspecting the bag for precipitates before administration are basic safety steps.
台灣 TPN 給藥常由藥師調配，美國部分醫院則有專門的營養支持團隊進行調配與監測。