下列哪些跡象顯示住院病人有睡眠不足的情況？（選所有適合的）

睡眠是維持身心健康的基礎，但在醫院環境中，病人常因噪音、燈光干擾、不適的床鋪、頻繁的檢查或護理措施而導致睡眠不足（sleep deprivation）。辨識睡眠不足的跡象，有助於護理師調整照護計畫，盡可能改善病人的睡眠品質。 正確選項分析： B. 煩躁易怒與情緒波動（Irritability and mood swings）：睡眠不足會影響大腦功能，特別是負責情緒調節的區域，導致病人情緒不穩定，容易煩躁、易怒或出現情緒波動。 C. 難以專注於簡單任務（Difficulty concentrating on simple tasks）：睡眠不足會損害認知功能，包括注意力、專注力、記憶力和決策能力。病人會發現難以集中精神處理日常事務。 E. 報告晨間頭痛（Reports of morning headaches）：頭痛，特別是晨間頭痛，是睡眠不足的常見生理症狀之一，可能與睡眠期間大腦血管的變化或肌肉緊張有關。 錯誤選項分析： A. 白天警覺性增加（Increased alertness during the day）：睡眠充足的表現是白天精神飽滿、警覺性高。睡眠不足的病人通常白天會感到疲倦、嗜睡，而非警覺性增加。 D. 提升處理壓力的能力（Improved ability to handle stress）：睡眠不足會削弱身體的應對能力，包括對壓力的承受能力。病人會更容易感到不堪重負，而非提升抗壓性。 臨床思路：睡眠不足影響病人恢復，並可能增加意外風險。護理師應主動詢問病人睡眠狀況，觀察行為改變，並在可能範圍內減少干擾，例如集中護理措施、與病人討論安靜時段、給予耳塞或眼罩等。

Sleep is fundamental to physical and mental health, but in the hospital environment clients often experience sleep deprivation due to noise, light disruption, uncomfortable bedding, and frequent examinations or nursing interventions. Recognizing the signs of sleep deprivation helps the nurse adjust the plan of care to improve sleep quality as much as possible. Analysis of correct options: B. Irritability and mood swings: Sleep deprivation affects brain function, particularly the regions responsible for emotional regulation, leading to emotional lability with irritability, anger, or mood swings. C. Difficulty concentrating on simple tasks: Sleep deprivation impairs cognitive function, including attention, concentration, memory, and decision-making. The client may have difficulty focusing on routine matters. E. Reports of morning headaches: Headaches, particularly in the morning, are a common physiologic symptom of sleep deprivation and may be related to changes in cerebral vasculature or muscle tension during sleep. Analysis of incorrect options: A. Increased alertness during the day: Adequate sleep manifests as daytime alertness and energy. Sleep-deprived clients typically feel fatigued and drowsy during the day rather than more alert. D. Improved ability to handle stress: Sleep deprivation weakens the body's coping capacity, including stress tolerance. Clients are more readily overwhelmed rather than more stress-resilient. Clinical reasoning: Sleep deprivation impedes recovery and may increase the risk of accidents. The nurse should actively inquire about the client's sleep, observe behavioral changes, and reduce disturbances when possible—for example, by clustering nursing care, discussing quiet periods with the client, and providing earplugs or eye masks.