護理師照護一名中性球減少症的病人，下列哪些護理措施可預防感染？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is caring for a client with neutropenia. Which nursing interventions are appropriate to prevent infection? (Select all that apply.)
- AInstruct the client to avoid raw fruits and vegetables✓ 正解指示個案避免食用生水果和蔬菜
- BEncourage frequent hand hygiene by all staff and visitors✓ 正解鼓勵所有工作人員和訪客頻繁進行手部衛生
- CApply a rectal thermometer for accurate temperature assessment使用直腸溫度計以準確評估體溫
- DRestrict fresh flowers in the client's room✓ 正解限制個案房間內的鮮花
- ELimit visitors to healthy individuals only✓ 正解僅限健康人士探視
中性球減少症（Neutropenia）是指血液中負責抵抗細菌感染的中性球數量過低，使病人極易遭受感染。因此，護理措施的重點在於「保護性隔離」（Protective Isolation），盡量減少病人暴露於任何可能的病原體。 選項 A 是正確的。生食（raw fruits and vegetables）可能帶有腸道中的細菌或李斯特菌（Listeria），煮熟是殺死這些病原體的必要步驟。選項 B 也是正確的。頻繁且徹底的手部衛生（hand hygiene）是預防感染最基本也最重要的措施，適用於所有醫護人員、訪客及病人本身。 選項 C 是錯誤的。肛溫（rectal temperature）的測量可能刺激直腸黏膜，甚至引起微小損傷，若肛門有細菌，可能增加感染風險，特別是對於免疫力低下的病人，應避免此類侵入性操作，優先選用耳溫或額溫。 選項 D 是正確的。鮮花和植物的土壤、花瓣可能滋生黴菌（fungi）和細菌，對免疫力低下的病人是潛在的感染源，因此應禁止。 選項 E 也是正確的。限制訪客數量，並確保訪客是健康的，沒有感冒、流感或其他傳染性疾病，能最大程度地減少病人接觸到病原體的機會。 臨床思路（Infection Control / High-Risk Populations）：對於免疫功能低下的病人，預防感染是首要考量，需從環境、飲食、人員管理等多方面著手，將潛在感染源降至最低。
Neutropenia refers to an abnormally low blood count of neutrophils, which are responsible for fighting bacterial infections, making the client highly susceptible to infection. Therefore, nursing interventions focus on protective isolation, minimizing the client's exposure to any potential pathogens. Option A is correct. Raw fruits and vegetables may carry intestinal bacteria or Listeria, and cooking is necessary to kill these pathogens. Option B is also correct. Frequent and thorough hand hygiene is the most fundamental and important measure for preventing infection and applies to all healthcare staff, visitors, and the client. Option C is incorrect. Rectal temperature measurement may irritate the rectal mucosa and even cause microscopic injury; if bacteria are present in the anus, this could increase infection risk. Particularly for immunocompromised clients, such invasive procedures should be avoided in favor of tympanic or temporal temperature measurement. Option D is correct. Flowers and plant soil may harbor fungi and bacteria on petals, posing a potential infection source for immunocompromised clients, and should therefore be prohibited. Option E is also correct. Limiting the number of visitors and ensuring that visitors are healthy and free from colds, influenza, or other communicable diseases minimizes the client's exposure to pathogens. Clinical reasoning (Infection Control / High-Risk Populations): For immunocompromised clients, infection prevention is the primary consideration and must address environment, diet, and personnel management to reduce potential sources of infection to a minimum.