護理師準備為病人靜脈注射氯化鉀（KCl），應採取哪些措施以確保病人安全？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is preparing to administer intravenous potassium chloride to a client. Which actions should the nurse take to ensure client safety? (Select all that apply.)
- AAdminister the potassium as an IV bolus to ensure quick correction以靜脈推注方式給予鉀離子，以確保快速糾正
- BEnsure the medication is diluted before administration✓ 正解確保藥物在給藥前已稀釋
- CUse an infusion pump to control the rate of delivery✓ 正解使用輸注幫浦控制給藥速率
- DAssess the IV site for signs of phlebitis or infiltration✓ 正解評估靜脈注射部位是否有靜脈炎或滲漏跡象
- EMonitor cardiac rhythm continuously during administration✓ 正解在給藥期間持續監測心律
氯化鉀是高警訊藥物（High-Alert Medication），靜脈給藥極度危險。絕對禁止直接推注（Bolus），因為高濃度的鉀離子進入心臟會引發心跳停止。安全規範包括：必須稀釋（B）、必須使用幫浦（C）以精準控制輸注速度（通常不超過 10-20 mEq/hr）、鉀離子對血管刺激性極強，若發生外滲會導致嚴重的組織壞死，必須嚴格監測注射部位（D）。最後，鉀離子濃度異常直接影響心肌細胞電位，治療過程需連續心電圖監測（E）以觀察 T 波變化、ST 段下移或心律不整。護理思路必須從給藥路徑的安全性、輸注速率的精確度以及心血管系統的即時反應性來全面評估。
Potassium chloride is a high-alert medication, and intravenous administration carries extreme risk. Direct intravenous push (bolus) is absolutely prohibited, because a high concentration of potassium reaching the heart can cause cardiac arrest. Safety standards include: the drug must be diluted (B); an infusion pump must be used (C) to precisely control the infusion rate (generally not exceeding 10-20 mEq/hr); because potassium is highly irritating to vessels and extravasation can cause severe tissue necrosis, the injection site must be monitored closely (D). Finally, abnormal potassium concentrations directly affect myocardial cell electrical activity, so continuous ECG monitoring (E) is required during treatment to observe T-wave changes, ST-segment depression, or arrhythmias. The nursing reasoning must comprehensively address the safety of the route of administration, the accuracy of the infusion rate, and the immediate responsiveness of the cardiovascular system.
美國醫院對於高警訊藥物多有兩位護理師雙重簽核（Double-check）的機制，且護理師在給藥前會預先查閱近期的血鉀數值，台灣臨床則較依賴醫師醫囑確認，且對於連續心電圖監測的設置，美國護理師常需在電傳心電圖（Telemetry）監測站隨時觀察。