護理師照顧一位第一型糖尿病患，下列哪些發現與糖尿病酮酸中毒（DKA）一致？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is caring for a client with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Which findings are consistent with Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)? (Select all that apply.)
- AKussmaul respirations✓ 正解庫斯莫爾呼吸
- BFruity breath odor✓ 正解果味口臭
- CMetabolic alkalosis代謝性鹼中毒
- DPolyuria and polydipsia✓ 正解多尿和口渴
- EHypokalemia before treatment治療前的低血鉀
DKA 特徵為高血糖、酮體產生導致代謝性酸中毒。庫斯莫耳呼吸（Kussmaul）是身體代償酸中毒的方式；爛蘋果味來自酮體分解；多尿多渴是高血糖滲透性利尿的表現。C 錯誤，應為代謝性酸中毒；E 錯誤，初期鉀離子常因細胞外移而顯現正常或偏高，治療後才會出現低血鉀。
DKA is characterized by hyperglycemia and ketone production leading to metabolic acidosis. Kussmaul respirations are the body's compensation for acidosis; the fruity breath odor results from breakdown products of ketones; and polyuria and polydipsia arise from the osmotic diuresis caused by hyperglycemia. Option C is incorrect because the disorder is metabolic acidosis, not alkalosis. Option E is incorrect because, initially, potassium shifts from the intracellular to the extracellular space, so serum potassium often appears normal or elevated; hypokalemia develops only after treatment is initiated.
無明顯差異，兩地皆遵循 ADA/EAS 糖尿病管理指引。