護理師評估一位慢性腎臟病 (CKD) 患者。下列哪些發現是低血鈣的臨床表現？（選所有適合的）
The nurse is assessing a client with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Which of the following findings are clinical manifestations of hypocalcemia? (Select all that apply.)
- APositive Trousseau's sign✓ 正解Trousseau 氏徵象陽性
- BConstipation便秘
- CMuscle tremors or cramping✓ 正解肌肉顫抖或痙攣
- DNumbness and tingling in the fingers✓ 正解手指麻木和刺痛
- EPositive Chvostek's sign✓ 正解Chvostek 氏徵象陽性
低血鈣會增加神經肌肉的興奮性。臨床特徵包括 Trousseau 氏徵象（壓脈帶誘發手部抽搐）、Chvostek 氏徵象（臉部神經敲擊抽搐）、肌肉顫抖、抽筋，以及末梢神經麻刺感（Paresthesia）。便秘（B）通常是高血鈣的表現，低血鈣則可能導致腸蠕動增加或腹瀉。
Hypocalcemia increases neuromuscular excitability. Clinical features include a positive Trousseau's sign (carpal spasm provoked by a blood pressure cuff), a positive Chvostek's sign (facial twitching when tapping over the facial nerve), muscle tremors, cramping, and peripheral paresthesia. Constipation (B) is typically a feature of hypercalcemia, whereas hypocalcemia may cause increased bowel motility or diarrhea.
NCLEX 高度重視電解質異常的神經肌肉評估；台灣護理師在 CKD 照護中對磷鈣平衡的衛教更為普遍。