護理師監測一位三週前發生高位脊髓損傷(T4)的患者。患者自訴嚴重頭痛,血壓為 190/100 mmHg。護理師應優先執行哪項動作?
The nurse is monitoring a client who sustained a high-level spinal cord injury (T4) three weeks ago. The client reports a severe headache and has a blood pressure of 190/100 mmHg. Which action should the nurse perform first?
- ACheck the client's bladder for distension or catheter kinks檢查病人膀胱是否有脹滿或導尿管扭結
- BPerform a digital rectal exam to assess for fecal impaction進行肛門指診以評估是否有糞便嵌塞
- CPlace the client in a high-Fowler's position將病人置於高坐臥位(High-Fowler's position)正確答案
- DAdminister the prescribed PRN antihypertensive medication給予處方上的需要時使用(PRN)抗高血壓藥物
- C將病人置於高坐臥位(High-Fowler's position)
這題描述的是自主神經反射失調(Autonomic Dysreflexia, AD),這是一種發生於 T6 以上脊髓損傷患者的緊急醫療狀況。當損傷平面以下的刺激(通常是膀胱脹尿或便秘)引起交感神經過度反應,會導致嚴重的血管收縮與血壓飆升。護理介入的首要步驟是物理性的降低血壓,即將病人置於高坐臥位(High-Fowler's position)。這是因為姿勢改變利用重力使血液蓄積在下肢,可立即產生些微降壓效果,防止腦中風或癲癇發作。接下來才是尋找誘因(檢查膀胱、腸道),並在必要時給予藥物。臨床推理上,雖然檢查誘因(A、B)是根治的方法,但「立即降低血壓」是防止併發症的最高優先(Safety first)。此題難度在於區分「首要物理介入」與「後續處置」。
- A檢查病人膀胱是否有脹滿或導尿管扭結
檢查膀胱是否過度脹滿是找出病因的關鍵步驟,但在執行此動作前,應先將病人坐起以降低腦壓風險。這是 AD 處理流程中的第二順位。
- B進行肛門指診以評估是否有糞便嵌塞
檢查是否有糞便嵌塞也是尋找誘因的一環,但直腸檢查本身可能進一步刺激迷走神經,應在坐起並局部使用麻醉軟膏後才進行,不應作為首要動作。
- C · 正確答案將病人置於高坐臥位(High-Fowler's position)
這是首選動作。高坐臥位能利用重力減少回心血量,暫時緩解因交感神經暴衝導致的極高血壓,是預防腦血管意外最快速的非侵入性手段。
- D給予處方上的需要時使用(PRN)抗高血壓藥物
給予降壓藥(如 Nifedipine)通常是在移除刺激來源或調整姿勢後血壓仍持續居高不下時才使用,並非第一步物理性的緊急處置。
美國護理指引對於 AD 的處置流程非常標準化,強調「先坐起再找原因」。台灣臨床護理師對於高位脊髓損傷患者的血壓變化亦有高度警覺,但在處置時常會同時進行多項動作。NCLEX 強求單一「First action」,考生必須明確記得姿勢改變優於檢查與給藥。
English explanation
This item describes autonomic dysreflexia (AD), a medical emergency that occurs in patients with spinal cord injuries at T6 or above. When a stimulus below the level of injury (usually bladder distension or constipation) triggers excessive sympathetic response, severe vasoconstriction and a surge in blood pressure result. The first nursing intervention is a physical maneuver to lower blood pressure: placing the client in a high-Fowler's position. Postural change uses gravity to pool blood in the lower extremities, producing an immediate small reduction in blood pressure and helping prevent stroke or seizure. The next steps are to identify the triggering stimulus (check the bladder and bowel) and administer medication if needed. Clinically, although checking for triggers (A and B) is the definitive treatment, immediately lowering blood pressure is the highest priority for preventing complications (safety first). The difficulty of this question lies in distinguishing the "first physical intervention" from subsequent management.
最近修訂:2026-10-06