護理師準備執行全靜脈營養（TPN）輸注，哪些是確保安全的核心步驟？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is preparing to administer TPN (Total Parenteral Nutrition). Which of the following actions are essential for safety? (Select all that apply.)
- AUse an infusion pump to control the rate✓ 正解使用輸注幫浦控制滴速
- BVerify the TPN solution with another nurse✓ 正解由另一位護理師核對全靜脈營養（TPN）溶液
- CChange the tubing every 48 hours to prevent infection每48小時更換管路以預防感染
- DMonitor blood glucose levels every 6 hours✓ 正解每6小時監測血糖
- ECheck the central line insertion site for signs of infection✓ 正解檢查中央靜脈導管插入部位是否有感染跡象
TPN 是高滲透壓且高糖的營養液，輸注管理要求嚴謹。必須使用輸注幫浦以防速率錯誤，由於配方複雜，需雙重簽核確認。TPN 易導致高血糖，需定時監測血糖。中央導管是感染源，需密切觀察插入點。管路更換頻率通常為 24 小時（或依各院規範，通常不超過 24-72 小時），而非單純的 48 小時，故 C 選項敘述不夠精確。
TPN is a hypertonic, high-glucose nutritional solution, and its administration requires stringent management. An infusion pump must be used to prevent rate errors, and because the formulation is complex, two-nurse verification (double-check) is required. TPN readily causes hyperglycemia, so blood glucose must be monitored at scheduled intervals. The central line is a source of infection, and the insertion site must be closely observed. Tubing change frequency is typically every 24 hours (or per institutional policy, generally not exceeding 24 to 72 hours) rather than simply 48 hours, which is why option C is not precise enough.
美台對於 TPN 的管路更換時間與監測頻率標準相似，皆屬於護理長或高階護理師重點督導項目。