一位接受經尿道前列腺切除術（TURP）的病人正在進行持續性膀胱灌洗（CBI）。下列哪些情況護理師應立即回報醫師？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is caring for a client with a continuous bladder irrigation (CBI) following a TURP. Which findings should the nurse report to the surgeon? (Select all that apply.)
- ABright red drainage with large clots✓ 正解引流液呈鮮紅色並伴有大量血塊
- BOutput is 50 mL less than input over 8 hours8 小時內的輸出量比輸入量少 50 mL
- CPatient reports bladder spasms病人報告膀胱痙攣
- DDrainage appears light pink引流液呈現淡粉紅色
- ENo drainage output despite infusion✓ 正解儘管有灌洗，但無引流液輸出
CBI 的目的是防止血塊堆積。鮮紅色出血伴隨大血塊（A）代表血管出血，無輸出（E）代表引流管阻塞，皆需立即處置。輕微粉紅（D）在術後初期屬正常；膀胱痙攣（C）常見，處理方式為抗痙攣藥物而非緊急回報；輕微誤差（B）在 CBI 中常見，只要引流暢通通常不必過度緊張。
The purpose of CBI is to prevent clot accumulation. Bright red drainage with large clots (A) indicates vascular bleeding, and no output (E) indicates catheter obstruction—both require immediate management. Light pink drainage (D) is normal in the early postoperative period. Bladder spasms (C) are common and are managed with antispasmodics rather than emergency notification. Minor discrepancies in output (B) are common during CBI and generally not concerning as long as drainage remains patent.
美國護理師常需負責調整 CBI 流速以維持引流液顏色；台灣常由護理師觀察後通知醫師調整。