護理師準備為一位低鉀血症病人靜脈注射氯化鉀，應採取哪些措施？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is preparing to administer intravenous potassium chloride to a client with hypokalemia. Which actions should the nurse take? (Select all that apply.)
- AEnsure the concentration does not exceed 10 mEq/100 mL for peripheral infusion✓ 正解確保周邊輸注的濃度不超過 10 mEq/100 mL
- BAdminister the infusion via an infusion pump✓ 正解透過輸液幫浦進行輸注
- CVerify the presence of adequate urine output before starting✓ 正解開始前確認有足夠的尿液排出量
- DAdminister the dose as an IV bolus to quickly correct the deficit以靜脈推注方式給藥以迅速糾正缺乏
- EAssess the intravenous site for phlebitis and infiltration✓ 正解評估靜脈注射部位是否有靜脈炎和滲漏
鉀離子是高風險藥物，給藥過程必須嚴格遵循安全標準。鉀離子刺激性極強，絕對禁止靜脈推注（IV push/bolus），因為這會導致心律不整甚至心搏停止，正確方式應使用輸液幫浦確保速率穩定。外周靜脈給藥濃度不得超過 10 mEq/100 mL，以免導致化學性靜脈炎。給藥前確認尿量大於 30 mL/hr 是必要的安全機制，因為鉀主要經腎臟排泄，若無尿將導致致命的高血鉀。評估血管穿刺點是否滲漏（infiltration）至關重要，因為鉀外滲會導致嚴重的局部組織壞死。此題考核護理師對高警訊藥物（High-Alert Medication）的處置能力。
Potassium is a high-risk medication, and its administration must strictly follow safety standards. Potassium is highly irritating, and IV push or bolus administration is absolutely prohibited because it can cause dysrhythmias or cardiac arrest; the correct approach is to use an infusion pump to ensure a steady rate. The concentration for peripheral IV administration must not exceed 10 mEq/100 mL to avoid chemical phlebitis. Confirming urine output greater than 30 mL/hr before administration is an essential safety mechanism because potassium is excreted mainly via the kidneys, and anuria can lead to fatal hyperkalemia. Assessing the IV site for infiltration is critical because extravasation of potassium causes severe local tissue necrosis. This item tests the nurse's ability to manage a high-alert medication.
在美國，這類高風險藥物常需兩人核對（Double-check）機制；台灣臨床多依賴單一護理師在給藥系統勾選確認，但對高警訊藥物給藥前確認尿量及輸注速率是兩地皆嚴格執行的『五對』防錯原則之一。