護理師照護一位持續靜脈輸注氯化鉀的病人，下列哪些發現顯示靜脈注射部位可能發生滲漏（Infiltration）？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is caring for a client with a continuous intravenous infusion of potassium chloride. What assessment findings indicate potential infiltration at the IV site? (Select all that apply.)
- AEdema at the insertion site✓ 正解插入部位水腫
- BSkin cool to the touch✓ 正解皮膚觸感冰冷
- CBackflow of blood in the tubing管路中有血液回流
- DBlanching of the skin✓ 正解皮膚蒼白
- ETenderness at the infusion site✓ 正解輸注部位壓痛
靜脈輸液滲漏的臨床徵象包括局部腫脹（Edema）、觸感溫度下降（Coolness）、皮膚蒼白（Blanching）以及疼痛或壓痛（Tenderness）。輸液進入皮下組織而非血管，導致上述血管外現象。血流回流（Backflow）通常代表管路通暢，並非滲漏跡象，反而可能是血管內壓力正常的表現。
Clinical signs of IV infiltration include local edema, coolness on palpation, blanching of the skin, and pain or tenderness. These extravascular findings result from infusate entering the subcutaneous tissue rather than the vessel. Blood return (backflow) generally indicates that the line is patent and is not a sign of infiltration; it may instead reflect normal intravascular pressure.
美國護理師對周邊靜脈炎分級判定標準一致，台灣臨床對滲漏反應較快，但較少使用標準化量表紀錄，常直接以「滲漏」描述。