— 心理社會完整性 · MEDIUM · MCQ —
護理師訪談一位因喪偶而悲傷的長者。下列哪項敘述顯示病人處於正常的悲傷過程，而非憂鬱症？
A nurse is interviewing an older adult client who is grieving the loss of their spouse. Which statement by the client indicates normal grief rather than depression?
- AI feel like I am a worthless person since they died我覺得自從他們去世後，我變成了一個毫無價值的人
- BI feel like I have no future and things will never get better我覺得我沒有未來，事情永遠不會變好
- CI don't have the energy to get out of bed or care for myself anymore我沒有力氣起床或再照顧自己了
- DI sometimes hear my spouse calling my name, but I know it's not real✓ 正解我有時會聽到配偶叫我的名字，但我知道那不是真的
— Explanation · 中文詳解 —
正常的喪親悲傷常伴隨幻聽（認為聽見親人呼喚），但自我價值感通常保持完整；憂鬱症則表現為持續性的無望感、自我價值貶低及社交退縮。選項 D 為悲傷初期常見的暫時性心理反應，其餘選項均高度指向憂鬱症的臨床特徵。
Normal grief can include transient auditory illusions (such as hearing the deceased call one's name), but self-worth typically remains intact. Depression, by contrast, manifests as persistent hopelessness, worthlessness, and social withdrawal. Option D reflects a transient grief response, whereas the other options point to features of clinical depression.
✦ 台美臨床差異
文化上，台灣長者常以軀體症狀表達悲傷，評估時需注意隱藏的心理困擾，而非僅關注情緒字眼。