護理師評估病人的便秘風險。下列哪些因素會增加此風險？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is assessing a client's risk for constipation. Which factors would increase this risk? (Select all that apply.)
- AIncreased intake of dietary fiber增加膳食纖維攝取量
- BDaily use of opioid analgesics✓ 正解每日使用類鴉片類止痛藥
- CDecreased physical activity and mobility✓ 正解身體活動力與行動能力下降
- DChronic use of stimulant laxatives✓ 正解長期使用刺激性瀉劑
- EAdequate fluid intake of 2.5 liters per day每日攝取2.5公升充足水分
便秘是住院病人常見的基礎護理問題。類鴉片止痛藥（Opioids）會結合腸道的 mu 受體，顯著減緩蠕動，幾乎所有長期使用的病人都會發生便秘。活動量減少（C）則會降低副交感神經對腸道的刺激。長期使用刺激性緩瀉劑（D）會造成腸道神經依賴，導致『懶惰腸症候群』。選項 A 和 E 則是預防便秘的保護因子。護理師應針對高風險病人（如術後、長期臥床或使用止痛藥者）提早啟動腸道管理計畫，包括增加水分、纖維與適度活動。預防勝於治療是基本照護的核心理念。
Constipation is a common fundamental nursing problem among hospitalized clients. Opioid analgesics bind to mu receptors in the bowel, markedly slowing peristalsis; nearly all clients on long-term opioids develop constipation. Reduced activity (C) decreases parasympathetic stimulation of the bowel. Chronic use of stimulant laxatives (D) creates neural dependence in the intestine, leading to 'lazy bowel syndrome.' Options A and E are protective factors against constipation. The nurse should initiate a bowel management plan early in high-risk clients (such as those who are postoperative, on prolonged bed rest, or receiving analgesics), including increased fluids, fiber, and appropriate activity. Prevention rather than treatment is a core principle of basic care.
在美國，Opioid-induced constipation (OIC) 是護理重點，常有專門的藥物處置流程；台灣臨床也重視此點，但有時會過度依賴甘油球灌腸而非早期的飲食與藥物預防，NCLEX 傾向考查長期的管理預防。