針對使用胸管的病人，下列哪些徵象需要護理師立即介入？（選所有適合的）
Which of the following findings in a client with a chest tube requires immediate intervention by the nurse? (Select all that apply.)
- AContinuous bubbling in the water seal chamber✓ 正解水封瓶內持續冒泡
- B200 mL of bright red blood drainage in the last hour✓ 正解過去一小時內引出 200 mL 鮮紅色引流液
- CFluctuation of fluid in the water seal tube during respiration呼吸時水封管內液面波動
- DSubcutaneous emphysema around the insertion site✓ 正解插管周圍出現皮下氣腫
- EThe chest tube becomes disconnected from the drainage system✓ 正解胸管與引流系統脫離
胸管系統的完整性與功能對於呼吸穩定至關重要。持續性的氣泡（Continuous bubbling）在水封瓶（Water seal chamber）中代表有嚴重的氣體洩漏；術後短時間內大量鮮紅出血（200 mL/hr）代表活動性出血；皮下氣腫（Subcutaneous emphysema）顯示氣體逸出至皮下組織，皆屬危急狀況。系統脫離（Disconnection）則會破壞密閉系統，必須立即處理以防止氣胸加重。
The integrity and function of the chest drainage system are critical to respiratory stability. Continuous bubbling in the water seal chamber indicates a significant air leak; a large amount of bright red drainage within a short postoperative period (200 mL/hr) signals active bleeding; and subcutaneous emphysema indicates air escaping into subcutaneous tissues—all are critical findings. System disconnection compromises the closed system and must be managed immediately to prevent worsening of the pneumothorax.