評估病人的水分狀態，哪些方法是適當的？（選所有適合的）
Which of the following are appropriate methods for assessing a client's hydration status? (Select all that apply.)
- AMonitoring daily weights✓ 正解監測每日體重
- BMeasuring intake and output (I&O)✓ 正解測量攝入量和排出量（I&O）
- CAssessing skin turgor✓ 正解評估皮膚彈性
- DChecking mucous membranes✓ 正解檢查黏膜
- EPalpating the abdomen for tenderness觸診腹部是否有壓痛
水分狀態評估是護理基礎，旨在判斷病人是否存在脫水（Dehydration）或液體過多（Fluid volume overload）。護理師應綜合運用主觀與客觀數據，每日體重（Daily weights）是反映液體平衡最敏感的客觀指標，每日同一時間、同一磅秤量測最準確；出入量紀錄（I&O）能反映液體進出平衡，而皮膚彈性（Skin turgor）與黏膜濕潤度（Mucous membranes）則是臨床評估脫水程度的關鍵身體徵象。臨床思路應遵循先評估後執行，確保數據準確性。
Hydration status assessment determines whether the client is dehydrated or fluid-overloaded. The nurse uses both subjective and objective data. Daily weight, measured at the same time on the same scale, is the most sensitive objective indicator of fluid balance. I&O reflects net fluid balance; skin turgor and mucous membrane moisture are key physical findings of dehydration. Clinical reasoning follows the assess-before-act principle to ensure accurate data.