下列哪項護理行動體現了自主權（Autonomy）的倫理原則？（選所有適合的）
Which of the following nursing actions demonstrate the ethical principle of autonomy? (Select all that apply.)
- AProviding the client with all information needed for informed consent✓ 正解提供個案知情同意所需的所有資訊
- BRespecting the client's decision to refuse a blood transfusion✓ 正解尊重個案拒絕輸血的決定
- CAdvocating for a client who is unable to speak for themselves為無法自我表達的個案發聲
- DMaintaining the client's privacy during a physical examination在身體檢查期間維護個案的隱私
- EExplaining the risks and benefits of a proposed surgical procedure✓ 正解說明擬議手術的風險與益處
自主權指尊重病人自行決策的能力與權利。提供完整的資訊（知情同意）是基礎，尊重病人拒絕治療的選擇是體現，說明手術利弊能讓病人自主決策。C選項屬於維護權益（Advocacy），D選項屬於隱私權（Confidentiality），均與狹義的自主權在概念上有所區隔。
Autonomy refers to respecting the client's ability and right to make his or her own decisions. Providing complete information (informed consent) is foundational; respecting the client's choice to refuse treatment is the expression of autonomy; and explaining the risks and benefits of surgery enables the client to make autonomous decisions. Option C represents advocacy, while option D represents confidentiality; both are conceptually distinct from the narrower concept of autonomy.
美國醫護對於知情同意與預立醫療決定（Advance Directives）落實極嚴；台灣隨著病人自主權利法通過，觀念逐漸普及，但臨床仍受家庭影響較大。