病人因糖尿病酮酸中毒（DKA）入院。預期會出現哪些臨床表現？（選所有適合的）
A client is admitted with a diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). What are the expected clinical manifestations? (Select all that apply.)
- AKussmaul respirations✓ 正解庫斯莫爾呼吸（Kussmaul respirations）
- BFruity breath odor✓ 正解水果味呼氣
- CHyperglycemia✓ 正解高血糖
- DWeight gain體重增加
- EPolydipsia✓ 正解多飲
糖尿病酮酸中毒（Diabetic Ketoacidosis, DKA）是第一型糖尿病最嚴重的急性併發症之一，發生於胰島素嚴重缺乏，導致身體無法利用葡萄糖作為能量來源，轉而分解脂肪產生酮體（ketones），同時伴隨嚴重的脫水和代謝性酸中毒。 核心概念：DKA 的病理生理學包含三個主要方面：高血糖（hyperglycemia）、酮體生成（ketogenesis）及代謝性酸中毒（metabolic acidosis）。這些因素共同導致病人出現一系列臨床表現。 臨床思路：從 ABC (Airway, Breathing, Circulation) 的角度來看，DKA 影響呼吸（Kussmaul respirations）、循環（脫水、電解質失衡）及腦部功能（意識改變）。評估這些系統的變化是診斷與治療的關鍵。
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is one of the most severe acute complications of type 1 diabetes, occurring when severe insulin deficiency prevents the body from using glucose as an energy source. The body then breaks down fat, producing ketones, accompanied by severe dehydration and metabolic acidosis. Core concept: The pathophysiology of DKA involves three main components: hyperglycemia, ketogenesis, and metabolic acidosis. Together, these factors give rise to a constellation of clinical manifestations. Clinical approach: From the ABC (Airway, Breathing, Circulation) perspective, DKA affects respiration (Kussmaul respirations), circulation (dehydration, electrolyte imbalance), and cerebral function (altered mental status). Assessing changes in these systems is essential for diagnosis and treatment.