護理師照護一位疑似感染肺結核(TB)的病人。應實施下列哪項感染管制預防措施?
A nurse is caring for a client with a suspected diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB). Which infection control precautions should the nurse implement?
- AWear a standard surgical mask when entering the room進入病房時佩戴標準外科口罩
- BPlace the client in a room with positive pressure airflow將病人安置在正壓氣流的房間
- CKeep the room door open to improve ventilation保持房門開啟以改善通風
- DEnsure the nurse is fitted for and wears an N95 respirator✓ 正解確保護理師通過密合度測試並佩戴 N95 呼吸器
肺結核(TB)是典型的空氣傳播(Airborne transmission)疾病,致病菌可懸浮於極小的微粒中在空氣中飄散。因此,標準防護措施包括:1. 負壓隔離病房(Negative pressure room),氣流應由走廊流向病房再經高效過濾(HEPA)排出,而非正壓(A 錯)。2. 護理人員必須佩戴經通過密合度測試(Fit-tested)的 N95 呼吸器(D 對),一般的醫用口罩無法過濾微小的結核桿菌。3. 病房門必須保持關閉以維持負壓環境(D 錯)。這題的核心在於區分「空氣傳播」與「飛沫傳播」的防護等級差異。肺結核病人在轉送過程中應佩戴外科口罩以捕捉飛沫,但醫護人員進入病房則必須佩戴 N95。臨床思路上,安全優先原則要求在診斷尚未排除前,必須採取最高級別的必要防護,以防止院內集體感染。
Tuberculosis is transmitted via airborne droplet nuclei. Standard precautions include: (1) a negative-pressure isolation room with HEPA-filtered exhaust (not positive pressure, which is for protective isolation); (2) a fit-tested N95 respirator for staff entering the room (a regular surgical mask does not filter tiny TB nuclei); (3) keeping the door closed at all times to maintain the pressure gradient. The client wears a surgical mask during transport to contain droplets.
美國 OSHA 規定雇主必須提供 N95 密合度測試,且護理師若未通過測試不可進入 TB 房。台灣實務中雖然也要求 N95,但對於「每年定期 Fit-test」的強制執行力在各醫院不一,且部分舊型病房的負壓監測儀器可能未與護理站連線。