護理系學生正在照護一位喪偶的悲傷個案。下列哪些行動顯示護理學生能提供有效的支持？（選所有適合的）
A nursing student is caring for a client who is grieving the loss of a spouse. Which actions by the student demonstrate effective support? (Select all that apply.)
- AStaying with the client in silence✓ 正解陪伴個案安靜地坐著
- BEncouraging the client to 'move on' quickly鼓勵個案盡快「放下過去」
- CUsing therapeutic touch if appropriate✓ 正解在適當情況下使用治療性觸摸
- DValidating the client's feelings of sadness and anger✓ 正解肯定個案的悲傷與憤怒情緒
- EOffering cliché reassurances like 'Everything happens for a reason'提供如「凡事必有原因」等陳腔濫調的安慰
悲傷輔導（Grief counseling）的核心在於提供一個接納、非批判且支持性的環境，讓個案能依自己的節奏表達情感。護理師應展現同理心（Empathy）與臨在感（Presence），而非強迫個案改變。正確選項 A、C、D 皆能給予病人心理上的安全感；反之，B 與 E 屬於「非治療性溝通（Non-therapeutic communication）」，會讓個案感到被輕視或不被理解，進而阻礙悲傷過程的正常調適。
The core of grief counseling is to provide an accepting, nonjudgmental, and supportive environment in which the client can express feelings at their own pace. The nurse should demonstrate empathy and presence rather than forcing the client to change. Correct options A, C, and D all provide psychological safety; in contrast, B and E are non-therapeutic communication, making the client feel dismissed or misunderstood and impeding the normal adaptive grief process.