— 生理適應 · HARD · SATA —
哪些徵象顯示病人有內出血？（選所有適合的）
Which signs and symptoms are indicative of internal hemorrhage? (Select all that apply.)
- ATachycardia✓ 正解心跳過速
- BHypotension✓ 正解低血壓
- CIncreased urine output尿量增加
- DCool, clammy skin✓ 正解皮膚冰冷、潮濕
- ERestlessness or confusion✓ 正解煩躁不安或意識混亂
— Explanation · 中文詳解 —
內出血會引發低血容性休克。初期徵象為代償性心搏過速（Tachycardia），隨出血量增加出現低血壓（Hypotension）、皮膚濕冷（Cool, clammy skin）及因腦部灌流不足導致的焦慮與意識混亂（Restlessness/confusion）。尿量因腎血流灌流不足而減少，非增加。
Internal hemorrhage causes hypovolemic shock. Early findings include compensatory tachycardia; as bleeding continues, hypotension, cool and clammy skin, and anxiety and altered mental status due to cerebral hypoperfusion (restlessness/confusion) appear. Urine output decreases rather than increases because of inadequate renal perfusion.
✦ 台美臨床差異
美國護理重視快速評估 (Rapid Assessment) 與 Early Warning Scores；台灣則多依賴檢驗數據如血紅素下降來判斷。