護理師評估病人的體液容積缺失，下列哪些臨床發現支持此診斷？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is evaluating a client for signs of fluid volume deficit. Which clinical findings support this diagnosis? (Select all that apply.)
- AHeart rate 115 beats/min✓ 正解心率 115 次/分
- BUrine specific gravity 1.035✓ 正解尿液比重的 1.035
- CSystolic blood pressure 85 mmHg✓ 正解收縮壓 85 mmHg
- DFlattened neck veins in supine position✓ 正解仰臥位時頸靜脈塌陷
- ECapillary refill time of 5 seconds✓ 正解毛細血管回填時間為 5 秒
體液容積缺失（Fluid Volume Deficit, FVD）意指病人的細胞外液減少。身體為了維持重要器官的灌流，會啟動交感神經系統進行代償，導致心跳加速（Tachycardia）與血管收縮。同時，腎臟會透過抗利尿激素（ADH）作用保留水分，導致尿液濃縮（比重上升）。臨床上，低血壓、頸靜脈塌陷及末梢循環灌流變差（毛細血管回填時間延長）皆為嚴重脫水的典型表徵。
Fluid volume deficit (FVD) refers to a decrease in the client's extracellular fluid. To preserve perfusion of vital organs, the body activates the sympathetic nervous system, causing tachycardia and vasoconstriction. At the same time, antidiuretic hormone (ADH) promotes water retention by the kidneys, concentrating the urine (raising specific gravity). Clinically, hypotension, flat neck veins, and poor peripheral perfusion (prolonged capillary refill) are classic signs of severe dehydration.