— 基本照護與舒適 · HARD · SATA —
護理師指導一位病人關於慢性疼痛管理的基本舒適措施。應包含哪些？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is teaching a client about basic comfort measures for chronic pain management. What should be included? (Select all that apply.)
- AGuided imagery✓ 正解引導想像
- BProgressive muscle relaxation✓ 正解漸進式肌肉放鬆
- CApplying heat or cold therapy as needed✓ 正解視需要應用熱敷或冷敷療法
- DIgnoring the pain to keep the mind occupied忽略疼痛以保持心思忙碌
- EFrequent repositioning✓ 正解頻繁更換姿勢
— Explanation · 中文詳解 —
慢性疼痛管理需要多面向的介入（Multimodal approach），結合藥物與非藥物治療。認知放鬆技巧（如引導想像、肌肉放鬆）能降低疼痛閾值。物理治療（如姿勢調整、熱敷）能緩解肌肉緊張。忽略疼痛並非有效的管理策略，反而可能導致心理壓力與疼痛加劇。護理師應鼓勵個案主動回報疼痛，並採取多種舒適措施以緩解不適。
Diabetes insipidus (DI) is suspected when a client with a head injury exhibits polyuria, polydipsia, and low urine specific gravity due to antidiuretic hormone deficiency. Unlike SIADH, which causes concentrated urine, DI results in the excretion of large volumes of dilute urine.