護理師照護一位正經歷酒精戒斷性譫妄(震顫性譫妄)的病人。護理師應預期哪些症狀?(選所有適合的)
A nurse is caring for a client who is experiencing alcohol withdrawal delirium (delirium tremens). Which symptoms should the nurse anticipate? (Select all that apply.)
- AVisual hallucinations✓ 正解視覺幻覺
- BSevere hypertension✓ 正解嚴重高血壓
- CHypothermia低體溫
- DTachycardia✓ 正解心搏過速
- EExtreme agitation✓ 正解極度躁動
酒精戒斷性譫妄(Delirium Tremens, DTs),又稱震顫性譫妄,是酒精戒斷最嚴重且可能致命的併發症,通常在最後一次飲酒後 48 至 96 小時內發生。其核心概念是中樞神經系統的過度興奮,因為長期酒精抑制作用突然停止,導致神經傳導物質(尤其是γ-胺基丁酸, GABA)失衡。護理師應預期病人出現明顯的自主神經系統功能亢進及精神狀態改變。及早辨識這些症狀並給予適當的藥物治療(如苯二氮平類藥物, benzodiazepines),對於降低併發症和死亡率至關重要,因為 DTs 可能導致癲癇發作、心律不整、高熱甚至死亡。護理重點在於維持病人安全、監測生命徵象、補充電解質及水分,並提供安靜的環境。
Delirium tremens is characterized by severe autonomic hyperactivity and altered mental status, including visual hallucinations, extreme agitation, tachycardia, and hypertension. These symptoms result from sudden cessation of alcohol's depressant effects on the central nervous system. Hypothermia is incorrect; clients typically experience hyperthermia due to increased metabolic rate and sympathetic overdrive.
美國對 DTs 的預防非常重視,常在入院時即進行戒斷篩檢;台灣護理實務亦重視此點,並會使用約束或高劑量 BZD 處置。