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藥理與非經腸給藥 · MEDIUM · SATA

一位接受持續性肝素(Heparin)輸注的病人,下列哪些發現應立即通報醫療人員?(選所有適合的)

A nurse is caring for a client who is receiving a continuous infusion of heparin. Which findings should the nurse report to the healthcare provider? (Select all that apply.)

  • AaPTT level of 95 seconds✓ 正解
    aPTT 值為 95 秒
  • BPresence of hematuria✓ 正解
    出現血尿
  • CBruising at the IV site
    靜脈注射部位有瘀青
  • DEpistaxis (nosebleed)✓ 正解
    鼻出血
  • EPlatelet count drop from 250,000 to 90,000✓ 正解
    血小板計數從 250,000 降至 90,000
Explanation · 中文詳解

肝素治療的目標是維持抗凝血效果在安全區間,通常為對照值的1.5至2.5倍。aPTT 95秒通常高於治療目標(通常約60-80秒),提示出血風險增加。血尿(B)和流鼻血(D)是臨床常見的出血徵兆,必須立即評估停藥或給予拮抗劑(Protamine Sulfate)。血小板數目從250,000急劇降至90,000,高度懷疑肝素誘導血小板低下症(HIT),這是一種致命的免疫反應,必須立即停藥並更換抗凝血劑。至於注射部位輕微瘀青(C)在抗凝血治療中偶見,雖需監控,但相較於上述活動性出血與HIT風險,優先級較低。護理重點在於出血徵兆的早期發現與血栓/出血風險的權衡,確保用藥監測準確。

The nurse should report an aPTT of 95 seconds, as this exceeds the typical therapeutic range and indicates a high bleeding risk. Hematuria and epistaxis are active signs of bleeding requiring immediate evaluation. A significant drop in platelets from 250,000 to 90,000 suggests Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT), a life-threatening immune reaction that necessitates stopping heparin immediately.

✦ 台美臨床差異

美國醫院對於HIT的預防與監測有專屬流程,包括使用4T's評分系統;台灣醫院則多依賴檢驗數據異常值通報(Critical Value Reporting),由醫師主導抗凝血劑更換,護理師在監測HIT風險方面教育訓練廣泛。

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