下列哪些護理措施有助於降低手術部位感染（SSI）的風險？（選所有適合的）
Which of the following nursing interventions help reduce the risk of surgical site infections (SSIs)? (Select all that apply.)
- AAdminister prophylactic antibiotics within 60 minutes before incision✓ 正解在切口前 60 分鐘內給予預防性抗生素
- BMaintain normothermia throughout the perioperative period✓ 正解在圍手術期間維持正常體溫
- CShave the surgical site using a manual razor使用手動刮鬍刀剃除手術部位毛髮
- DMaintain tight glycemic control in the immediate postoperative phase✓ 正解在術後初期階段維持嚴格的血糖控制
- EPerform surgical hand scrub for 5 minutes before entering the sterile field進入無菌區域前進行 5 分鐘的外科刷手
降低 SSI 的證據基礎措施包括：術前 60 分鐘內給予預防性抗生素、維持術中術後正常體溫（避免血管收縮導致免疫力下降）、術後控制血糖（高血糖會抑制傷口癒合）。不建議使用刮鬍刀，因為微小傷口會增加細菌定植風險；外科刷手時間則依院方與產品規定，非固定 5 分鐘。
Evidence-based interventions to reduce surgical site infections include administering prophylactic antibiotics within 60 minutes before incision to ensure peak tissue concentration, maintaining normothermia to support immune function and tissue oxygenation, and controlling blood glucose to prevent impaired wound healing. Shaving the surgical site is contraindicated as it causes micro-abrasions that increase bacterial colonization risk.
美國醫院廣泛實行 SCIP 項目（Surgical Care Improvement Project），台灣則多遵循感控部制定的標準作業流程。