— 心理社會完整性 · MEDIUM · SATA —
護理師照護一位經歷創傷性失落的病人，在悲傷的第一階段預期會出現哪些現象？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is caring for a patient who has experienced a traumatic loss. Which manifestations should the nurse expect to see in the initial stage of grief? (Select all that apply.)
- ADenial✓ 正解否認
- BNumbness✓ 正解麻木
- CAcceptance接受
- DShock✓ 正解震驚
- EBargaining討價還價
— Explanation · 中文詳解 —
根據 Kubler-Ross 悲傷模式，初始階段包含震驚、否認與麻木，這是心理防禦機制，用以緩衝突如其來的創傷。接受（C）是後期階段；討價還價（E）通常發生在否認與憤怒之後。護理師應提供非批判性的陪伴，讓病人逐步調適情緒。
In the initial stage of grief, clients often exhibit shock, denial, and emotional numbness as psychological defense mechanisms to buffer the impact of traumatic loss. These responses help protect the individual from overwhelming pain, whereas acceptance and bargaining occur in later stages of the grieving process.
✦ 台美臨床差異
美國有完善的悲傷輔導（Grief Counseling）制度；台灣相關資源多依賴宗教或家庭支持，醫療體系較少結構化介入。