一位老年病人主動表示感到人生毫無價值並出現社交退縮。下列哪些評估結果代表該病人有憂鬱症風險？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is interviewing an older adult client who reports feelings of uselessness and social withdrawal. Which assessment finding would indicate the client is at risk for depression? (Select all that apply.)
- APersistent sleep disturbances such as insomnia or hypersomnia✓ 正解持續的睡眠障礙，如失眠或嗜睡
- BLoss of interest in previously enjoyed hobbies or activities✓ 正解對過去喜愛的嗜好或活動失去興趣
- CReporting increased cognitive clarity and sharpness報告認知清晰度與敏銳度增加
- DUnexplained physical complaints such as chronic headaches or fatigue✓ 正解無法解釋的身體不適，如慢性頭痛或疲勞
- EReduced appetite and unintended weight loss✓ 正解食慾減退和未預期的體重減輕
老年憂鬱症常表現為非典型的身體症狀及認知改變，而非僅僅是難過。睡眠紊亂、動機喪失（Anhedonia）、不明原因的身體不適以及食慾體重改變，都是臨床常見且需關注的警訊。C 選項錯誤，憂鬱症病人通常會感到思考遲鈍（Pseudodementia），而非認知變清晰。
Depression in older adults often presents with atypical somatic symptoms and cognitive changes rather than overt sadness alone. Sleep disturbances, loss of motivation (anhedonia), unexplained physical complaints, and changes in appetite or weight are all common clinical warning signs that warrant attention. Option C is incorrect because depressed clients usually experience slowed thinking (pseudodementia) rather than improved cognitive clarity.
美國有完善的 GDS（老年憂鬱量表）篩檢機制；台灣醫療體系中對於長者憂鬱的篩檢較依賴家屬觀察，醫療院所主動篩檢率有待提升。