— 生理適應 · MEDIUM · MCQ —
護理師正在照護一位有中風病史且有吞嚥困難（dysphagia）的病人。哪項介入措施對預防吸入性肺炎最重要？
A nurse is caring for a client with a history of stroke who is experiencing dysphagia. Which intervention is most important to prevent aspiration?
- AEncourage the client to perform swallowing exercises鼓勵病人執行吞嚥運動
- BProvide a thickened liquids diet✓ 正解提供增稠液體飲食
- COffer small, frequent meals提供少量多餐
- DElevate the head of the bed to 45 degrees during meals進餐時將床頭抬高至 45 度
— Explanation · 中文詳解 —
吞嚥困難的病人最常透過改變食物質地來預防吸入。將液體增稠（thickened liquids）可以減緩吞嚥速度，使吞嚥過程更安全，降低食物或液體進入氣管的風險。選項 D、A、C 也是重要措施，但改變飲食質地是針對吞嚥困難最直接有效的預防吸入方法。
Thickened liquids are the most direct intervention to prevent aspiration in clients with dysphagia because they slow the swallow rate and improve airway protection. While elevating the head of the bed and swallowing exercises are beneficial, modifying food consistency addresses the immediate physiological risk of aspiration more effectively.
✦ 台美臨床差異
美國對吞嚥困難病人的飲食建議有明確的標準（如 IDDSI），護理師會依循；台灣也重視此議題，但飲食質地的準備與提供可能因醫療機構的餐飲服務而有差異。