護理師監測輸血病人,哪些發現顯示發生溶血性輸血反應?(選所有適合的)
A nurse is monitoring a client receiving a blood transfusion. Which findings indicate a hemolytic transfusion reaction? (Select all that apply.)
- ALow back pain✓ 正解腰部疼痛
- BFever and chills✓ 正解發燒與畏寒
- CHematuria✓ 正解血尿
- DHypotension✓ 正解低血壓
- EBradycardia心動過緩
溶血性輸血反應(Hemolytic transfusion reaction)是一種危及生命的急性反應,通常源於 ABO 血型不相容導致的免疫反應。當受贈者體內抗體攻擊輸入的紅血球,造成大量紅血球破裂(溶血),游離血紅素進入血液,引發嚴重的全身性發炎反應與瀰漫性血管內凝血(DIC)。護理師若懷疑反應發生,應立即停止輸血、維持靜脈通路(使用生理食鹽水),並通知醫師。
Signs of a hemolytic transfusion reaction include low back pain, fever, chills, hematuria, and hypotension due to the immune-mediated destruction of red blood cells. These symptoms result from the release of inflammatory mediators and free hemoglobin. Nurses should recognize these as critical indicators of this life-threatening complication.
在美國臨床中,輸血反應一旦發生,護理師需「立即」將剩餘血液與管路送回輸血庫(Blood Bank)進行檢驗,這是 NCLEX 常考的標準作業程序,與台灣部分地區做法一致,但需特別強調此步驟的緊急性。