— 生理適應 · MEDIUM · SATA —
下列哪些是左側心臟衰竭常見的徵兆？（選所有適合的）
Which of the following are common signs of left-sided heart failure? (Select all that apply.)
- ACrackles in the lungs✓ 正解肺部濕囉音
- BPeripheral edema周邊水腫
- CDyspnea on exertion✓ 正解活動後呼吸困難
- DJugular venous distention (JVD)頸靜脈怒張（JVD）
- EOrthopnea✓ 正解端坐呼吸
— Explanation · 中文詳解 —
左側心臟衰竭（Left-sided Heart Failure）導致心室射出分率下降，血液回流淤積於肺循環，造成肺血管壓力升高及肺水腫。臨床表現以呼吸系統症狀為主，如濕囉音（Crackles）、呼吸困難等。右側心衰竭則主要表現為體循環淤血，如頸靜脈怒張（JVD）與周邊水腫。辨識此兩者差異對護理評估至關重要。
Left-sided heart failure reduces left ventricular ejection fraction, causing blood to back up into the pulmonary circulation and increasing pulmonary vascular pressure and pulmonary edema. Clinical findings are therefore predominantly respiratory, including crackles and dyspnea. Right-sided heart failure, by contrast, produces systemic venous congestion with jugular venous distention (JVD) and peripheral edema. Distinguishing the two is essential to nursing assessment.