一位接受輸血的病人出現發冷與下背痛，護理師應採取的優先措施為何？

輸血反應（Transfusion reaction）的處理遵循「立即反應」原則。發冷與下背痛是急性溶血性輸血反應（Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction）的典型特徵，這是由於輸入的紅血球與受血者抗體發生抗原抗體反應導致溶血。這是一種致命的急症，護理師必須立刻停止輸血，確保病人生命安全。

Chills and lower back pain are classic signs of an acute hemolytic transfusion reaction, which is a medical emergency. The priority nursing action is to immediately stop the transfusion to prevent further exposure to the incompatible antigen. After stopping the infusion, the nurse should maintain IV access with normal saline and notify the healthcare provider.

在美國，輸血反應處理流程（Protocol）極為嚴謹，護理師停止輸血後，通常需將整組血袋與管路送回血庫（Blood Bank）進行檢驗。