下列哪些活動屬於護理師為病人維護權益的角色？（選所有適合的）
Which of the following activities are considered part of the nurse's role in advocating for the client? (Select all that apply.)
- AEnsuring the client understands the consent form✓ 正解確保病人理解同意書內容
- BIntervening when a provider ignores the client's concerns✓ 正解當醫療提供者忽略病人疑慮時進行干預
- CDetermining the client's medical diagnosis確定病人的醫療診斷
- DProtecting the client's right to refuse treatment✓ 正解保護病人拒絕治療的權利
- EProviding emotional support during informed consent✓ 正解在知情同意過程中提供情感支持
護理師的辯護（Advocacy）角色旨在確保病人的自主權、尊嚴與醫療品質。這要求護理師不僅是執行者，更是病人的守護者。當醫療決策過程出現溝通障礙、權益受損或資訊不對稱時，護理師必須介入。正確選項均體現了保護病人知情權、表達權與心理安全的核心價值，而診斷屬於醫師的執業範疇，護理師應提供評估資料協助診斷，而非自行決定。
Client advocacy involves protecting the client's rights, ensuring informed decision-making, and intervening when communication barriers or neglect occur. This includes verifying understanding of consent, supporting the right to refuse treatment, providing emotional support, and speaking up for the client, whereas determining a medical diagnosis is outside the nursing scope of practice.
在美國，護理師對於確認病人是否充分理解知情同意內容負有顯著法律責任（Witnessing consent）。若護理師認為病人未獲充分解釋，有權且有義務暫停簽署流程，並通知醫師重新說明。此職責在美國臨床實務中被視為護理師保障病人權益的核心防線。