— 生理適應 · MEDIUM · SATA —
慢性腎臟病（CKD）病人應監測哪些電解質不平衡？（選所有適合的）
A client with chronic kidney disease (CKD) should be monitored for which electrolyte imbalances? (Select all that apply.)
- AHyperkalemia✓ 正解高血鉀症
- BHypocalcemia✓ 正解低血鈣症
- CHyperphosphatemia✓ 正解高血磷症
- DHyponatremia低血鈉症
- EHypomagnesemia低血鎂症
— Explanation · 中文詳解 —
慢性腎臟病（CKD）導致腎絲球過濾率（GFR）下降，腎臟無法有效排泄代謝廢物與維持電解質平衡。當腎功能衰竭，鉀離子無法排出導致高血鉀；磷離子堆積導致高血磷；而根據鈣磷乘積定律，高血磷會促使鈣離子沉積於組織，進而引發低血鈣。這些電解質異常是 CKD 病人的典型生理適應問題，需透過飲食限制與藥物（如磷結合劑）嚴格監控。
Chronic kidney disease impairs the kidneys' ability to excrete waste and regulate electrolytes, leading to hyperkalemia due to reduced potassium excretion. Decreased glomerular filtration causes phosphate retention (hyperphosphatemia), which inversely affects calcium levels, often resulting in hypocalcemia. These imbalances are characteristic of renal failure and require strict monitoring.