護理師照護一名晚期肝硬化病人。護理師應預期哪些評估發現?(選所有適合的)
The nurse is caring for a client with late-stage cirrhosis. Which assessment findings should the nurse expect? (Select all that apply.)
- AIncreased Prothrombin Time (PT)✓ 正解凝血酶原時間 (PT) 延長
- BAsterixis (flapping tremor of the hands)✓ 正解撲翼樣震顫 (手部拍打樣震顫)
- CDecreased serum ammonia血清氨濃度降低
- DAscites and peripheral edema✓ 正解腹水與周邊水腫
- ESplenomegaly✓ 正解脾臟腫大
肝硬化(Cirrhosis)是肝臟長期慢性損傷導致的不可逆性纖維化,最終會影響肝臟的多種功能。晚期肝硬化(late-stage cirrhosis)意味著肝功能嚴重受損,會導致門脈高壓、肝功能不全和肝細胞合成功能障礙,進而引發全身性併發症。護理師在照護晚期肝硬化病人時,需要全面評估其臨床表現和實驗室數據,以識別這些併發症,並提供適當的護理干預。 本題旨在檢視護理師對晚期肝硬化主要臨床徵象和實驗室異常的理解。
Late-stage cirrhosis causes severe liver dysfunction, impairing the synthesis of clotting factors which increases Prothrombin Time (PT). Portal hypertension leads to blood backing up into the spleen, causing splenomegaly, and results in fluid shifts that produce ascites and peripheral edema. Additionally, the liver's inability to convert ammonia to urea causes elevated ammonia levels, leading to hepatic encephalopathy manifested as asterixis.
晚期肝硬化的病理生理學、臨床表現和併發症的評估與管理原則,在美國和台灣是高度一致的。護理師對這些徵象的識別能力,是全球肝病護理的共同要求。例如,門脈高壓、肝性腦病和凝血功能障礙的監測和處理策略在兩地是相似的。