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心理社會完整性 · HARD · SATA

護理師正在評估病人的自殺風險。下列哪些發現應被視為高風險因素?(選所有適合的)

A nurse is assessing a client for risk of suicide. Which findings should the nurse identify as high-risk factors? (Select all that apply.)

  • AThe client has a specific plan and access to a firearm.✓ 正解
    病人有具體計畫且能取得槍枝。
  • BThe client reports feeling a sense of hopelessness.✓ 正解
    病人報告感到絕望。
  • CThe client is married and has three young children.
    病人已婚且有三個年幼子女。
  • DThe client has a history of prior suicide attempts.✓ 正解
    病人有既往自殺未遂史。
  • EThe client's religion strictly forbids suicide.
    病人的宗教嚴格禁止自殺。
Explanation · 中文詳解

自殺風險評估是心理社會完整性領域中最關鍵的安全議題。高風險因素包括:1. 具體計畫與執行工具(如槍枝,致命性高且易得);2. 絕望感(Hopelessness),這是預測自殺最強有力的心理指標;3. 過去的自殺史,曾經嘗試過的人再次嘗試且成功的機率大幅增加。選項 C(家庭支持)和 E(宗教信仰)通常被視為保護因素(Protective Factors),能降低自殺風險。護理師必須敏銳辨識這些「紅旗」,以便立即啟動自殺防治觀察。NCLEX 考試中,區分「風險因素」與「保護因素」是高難度題目常考的重點,安全始終是第一優先。

High-risk factors for suicide include having a specific plan with access to lethal means, feelings of hopelessness, and a history of prior attempts. Conversely, marriage, dependent children, and religious prohibitions against suicide are considered protective factors that generally lower the risk of self-harm.

✦ 台美臨床差異

美國 NCLEX 非常強調「槍枝(Firearms)」作為致命工具的評估,因為美國槍枝普及;台灣臨床則更常詢問農藥、高處墜落或藥物囤積。美國在自殺防護上有一套標準化的「Contract for Safety」爭議討論,現多傾向使用安全計畫(Safety Plan)。

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