護理師正在評估病房的護理品質。應使用哪些指標來衡量品質？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is evaluating the quality of care on a unit. Which indicators should be used to measure quality? (Select all that apply.)
- AIncidence of hospital-acquired pressure injuries✓ 正解醫院獲得性壓力性損傷發生率
- BPatient satisfaction scores✓ 正解病人滿意度評分
- CNumber of staff resignations per year每年員工離職人數
- DFrequency of fall incidents✓ 正解跌倒事件頻率
- EAverage nurse-to-patient ratio平均護病比
護理品質指標通常分為結構、過程與結果指標。壓瘡發生率與跌倒發生率屬於「結果指標」（反映護理照護結果），病人滿意度屬於「過程與結果的結合」。護理師人數比例屬於「結構指標」，離職率則屬於「行政指標」，雖然都會影響品質，但嚴格意義上的護理品質指標以病人預後與安全為主。
Nursing quality indicators are generally classified into structure, process, and outcome indicators. Pressure injury rate and fall rate are outcome indicators (reflecting the results of nursing care), while patient satisfaction is a combination of process and outcome. Nurse staffing ratio is a structure indicator, and turnover rate is an administrative indicator; although both affect quality, strictly defined nursing quality indicators focus on patient outcomes and safety.
美國非常重視各類指標的對標（Benchmarking）；台灣目前亦導入各類護理指標評鑑，但執行廣度與數據整合仍在發展中。